[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1601},["ShallowReactive",2],{"grammar-spanish":3},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"title":8,"description":9,"date":10,"language":5,"cefrLevel":11,"body":12,"_type":1595,"_id":1596,"_source":1597,"_file":1598,"_stem":1599,"_extension":1600},"\u002Fspanish\u002Fgrammar","spanish",false,"","Spanish Grammar Cheatsheet: The Essentials, One Page","Spanish grammar at a glance. Conjugations, tenses, ser vs estar, por vs para, pronouns, the subjunctive triggers - the stuff that matters in conversation.","2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00","A1-B1",{"type":13,"children":14,"toc":1576},"root",[15,24,55,62,167,178,184,196,203,372,378,513,518,524,529,616,635,641,646,733,738,744,756,776,781,787,951,963,976,988,996,1002,1007,1020,1025,1081,1087,1099,1118,1136,1141,1299,1311,1317,1322,1345,1351,1356,1390,1395,1401,1501,1507,1512,1571],{"type":16,"tag":17,"props":18,"children":20},"element","h1",{"id":19},"spanish-grammar-cheatsheet",[21],{"type":22,"value":23},"text","Spanish Grammar Cheatsheet",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":26,"children":27},"p",{},[28,30,37,39,45,47,53],{"type":22,"value":29},"The essentials of Spanish grammar in scannable form. Cross-references the ",{"type":16,"tag":31,"props":32,"children":34},"a",{"href":33},"\u002Fspanish",[35],{"type":22,"value":36},"Spanish for adult learners pillar",{"type":22,"value":38},", the ",{"type":16,"tag":31,"props":40,"children":42},{"href":41},"\u002Fspanish\u002Faccents",[43],{"type":22,"value":44},"accent guide",{"type":22,"value":46},", and the ",{"type":16,"tag":31,"props":48,"children":50},{"href":49},"\u002Ftools\u002Fflashcards",[51],{"type":22,"value":52},"core 100 wordlist",{"type":22,"value":54},". British English explanations; Spanish examples mark stress accents and the inverted question\u002Fexclamation marks as standard.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":57,"children":59},"h2",{"id":58},"pronouns",[60],{"type":22,"value":61},"Pronouns",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":64,"children":65},"table",{},[66,90],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":68,"children":69},"thead",{},[70],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":72,"children":73},"tr",{},[74,80,85],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":76,"children":77},"th",{},[78],{"type":22,"value":79},"Person",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":81,"children":82},{},[83],{"type":22,"value":84},"Singular",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":86,"children":87},{},[88],{"type":22,"value":89},"Plural",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":92,"children":93},"tbody",{},[94,113,131,149],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":95,"children":96},{},[97,103,108],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":99,"children":100},"td",{},[101],{"type":22,"value":102},"1st",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":104,"children":105},{},[106],{"type":22,"value":107},"yo (I)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":109,"children":110},{},[111],{"type":22,"value":112},"nosotros \u002F nosotras (we)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":114,"children":115},{},[116,121,126],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":117,"children":118},{},[119],{"type":22,"value":120},"2nd informal",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":122,"children":123},{},[124],{"type":22,"value":125},"tu (you)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":127,"children":128},{},[129],{"type":22,"value":130},"vosotros \u002F vosotras (you, Spain only)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":132,"children":133},{},[134,139,144],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":135,"children":136},{},[137],{"type":22,"value":138},"2nd formal",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":140,"children":141},{},[142],{"type":22,"value":143},"usted (you)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":145,"children":146},{},[147],{"type":22,"value":148},"ustedes (you)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":150,"children":151},{},[152,157,162],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":153,"children":154},{},[155],{"type":22,"value":156},"3rd",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":158,"children":159},{},[160],{"type":22,"value":161},"el \u002F ella (he \u002F she)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":163,"children":164},{},[165],{"type":22,"value":166},"ellos \u002F ellas (they)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":168,"children":169},{},[170,176],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":172,"children":173},"strong",{},[174],{"type":22,"value":175},"Latin America uses ustedes as the only plural \"you\"",{"type":22,"value":177}," - formal and informal. Spain keeps the vosotros \u002F ustedes distinction. Argentina and Uruguay use vos in place of tu in the singular, with its own conjugations.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":179,"children":181},{"id":180},"three-conjugation-classes",[182],{"type":22,"value":183},"Three conjugation classes",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":185,"children":186},{},[187,189,194],{"type":22,"value":188},"Spanish verbs end in ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":190,"children":191},{},[192],{"type":22,"value":193},"-ar, -er, or -ir",{"type":22,"value":195},". The endings tell you which class.",{"type":16,"tag":197,"props":198,"children":200},"h3",{"id":199},"present-tense-regular-endings",[201],{"type":22,"value":202},"Present tense, regular endings",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":204,"children":205},{},[206,231],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":207,"children":208},{},[209],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":210,"children":211},{},[212,216,221,226],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":213,"children":214},{},[215],{"type":22,"value":79},{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":217,"children":218},{},[219],{"type":22,"value":220},"-ar (hablar)",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":222,"children":223},{},[224],{"type":22,"value":225},"-er (comer)",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":227,"children":228},{},[229],{"type":22,"value":230},"-ir (vivir)",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":232,"children":233},{},[234,257,280,303,326,349],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":235,"children":236},{},[237,242,247,252],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":238,"children":239},{},[240],{"type":22,"value":241},"yo",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":243,"children":244},{},[245],{"type":22,"value":246},"hablo",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":248,"children":249},{},[250],{"type":22,"value":251},"como",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":253,"children":254},{},[255],{"type":22,"value":256},"vivo",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":258,"children":259},{},[260,265,270,275],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":261,"children":262},{},[263],{"type":22,"value":264},"tu",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":266,"children":267},{},[268],{"type":22,"value":269},"hablas",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":271,"children":272},{},[273],{"type":22,"value":274},"comes",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":276,"children":277},{},[278],{"type":22,"value":279},"vives",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":281,"children":282},{},[283,288,293,298],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":284,"children":285},{},[286],{"type":22,"value":287},"el \u002F ella \u002F usted",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":289,"children":290},{},[291],{"type":22,"value":292},"habla",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":294,"children":295},{},[296],{"type":22,"value":297},"come",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":299,"children":300},{},[301],{"type":22,"value":302},"vive",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":304,"children":305},{},[306,311,316,321],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":307,"children":308},{},[309],{"type":22,"value":310},"nosotros",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":312,"children":313},{},[314],{"type":22,"value":315},"hablamos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":317,"children":318},{},[319],{"type":22,"value":320},"comemos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":322,"children":323},{},[324],{"type":22,"value":325},"vivimos",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":327,"children":328},{},[329,334,339,344],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":330,"children":331},{},[332],{"type":22,"value":333},"vosotros",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":335,"children":336},{},[337],{"type":22,"value":338},"hablais",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":340,"children":341},{},[342],{"type":22,"value":343},"comeis",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":345,"children":346},{},[347],{"type":22,"value":348},"vivis",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":350,"children":351},{},[352,357,362,367],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":353,"children":354},{},[355],{"type":22,"value":356},"ellos \u002F ustedes",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":358,"children":359},{},[360],{"type":22,"value":361},"hablan",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":363,"children":364},{},[365],{"type":22,"value":366},"comen",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":368,"children":369},{},[370],{"type":22,"value":371},"viven",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":373,"children":375},{"id":374},"the-six-core-tenses-what-they-do",[376],{"type":22,"value":377},"The six core tenses, what they do",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":379,"children":380},{},[381,402],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":382,"children":383},{},[384],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":385,"children":386},{},[387,392,397],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":388,"children":389},{},[390],{"type":22,"value":391},"Tense",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":393,"children":394},{},[395],{"type":22,"value":396},"What it does",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":398,"children":399},{},[400],{"type":22,"value":401},"Example",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":403,"children":404},{},[405,423,441,459,477,495],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":406,"children":407},{},[408,413,418],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":409,"children":410},{},[411],{"type":22,"value":412},"Present",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":414,"children":415},{},[416],{"type":22,"value":417},"now, habitual",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":419,"children":420},{},[421],{"type":22,"value":422},"Trabajo en Madrid.",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":424,"children":425},{},[426,431,436],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429],{"type":22,"value":430},"Preterite",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":22,"value":435},"a finished event",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":437,"children":438},{},[439],{"type":22,"value":440},"Trabaje en Madrid (for a defined period).",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":442,"children":443},{},[444,449,454],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":22,"value":448},"Imperfect",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":450,"children":451},{},[452],{"type":22,"value":453},"habitual past, ongoing past",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457],{"type":22,"value":458},"Trabajaba en Madrid (then).",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462,467,472],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":463,"children":464},{},[465],{"type":22,"value":466},"Future",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":22,"value":471},"will \u002F shall",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475],{"type":22,"value":476},"Trabajare en Madrid.",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":478,"children":479},{},[480,485,490],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":481,"children":482},{},[483],{"type":22,"value":484},"Conditional",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":22,"value":489},"would",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":22,"value":494},"Trabajaria en Madrid.",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":496,"children":497},{},[498,503,508],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":499,"children":500},{},[501],{"type":22,"value":502},"Present perfect",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":504,"children":505},{},[506],{"type":22,"value":507},"have done",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":509,"children":510},{},[511],{"type":22,"value":512},"He trabajado en Madrid.",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":514,"children":515},{},[516],{"type":22,"value":517},"The preterite \u002F imperfect split is the most common source of past-tense errors for English speakers. Roughly: preterite for a closed action, imperfect for the running context.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":519,"children":521},{"id":520},"ser-vs-estar",[522],{"type":22,"value":523},"Ser vs Estar",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":525,"children":526},{},[527],{"type":22,"value":528},"Both mean \"to be.\" Native speakers use them so naturally they often cannot explain the rule. A working summary:",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532,548],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":536,"children":537},{},[538,543],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":539,"children":540},{},[541],{"type":22,"value":542},"Use ser for",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":544,"children":545},{},[546],{"type":22,"value":547},"Use estar for",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":549,"children":550},{},[551,564,577,590,603],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":552,"children":553},{},[554,559],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":555,"children":556},{},[557],{"type":22,"value":558},"Identity (Soy ingles)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":560,"children":561},{},[562],{"type":22,"value":563},"Location (Estoy en Londres)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":565,"children":566},{},[567,572],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":568,"children":569},{},[570],{"type":22,"value":571},"Inherent qualities (La casa es grande)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":573,"children":574},{},[575],{"type":22,"value":576},"States and conditions (Estoy cansado)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":578,"children":579},{},[580,585],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":581,"children":582},{},[583],{"type":22,"value":584},"Time (Son las tres)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":586,"children":587},{},[588],{"type":22,"value":589},"Ongoing actions (Estoy comiendo)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593,598],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":594,"children":595},{},[596],{"type":22,"value":597},"Origin (Es de Mexico)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":599,"children":600},{},[601],{"type":22,"value":602},"Result of a change (La sopa esta fria)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606,611],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":607,"children":608},{},[609],{"type":22,"value":610},"Possession (Es mi libro)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":612,"children":613},{},[614],{"type":22,"value":615},"Emotions in the moment (Esta feliz hoy)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":617,"children":618},{},[619,621,626,628,633],{"type":22,"value":620},"Test that catches roughly 80% of cases: if the property is ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":622,"children":623},{},[624],{"type":22,"value":625},"inherent or definitional",{"type":22,"value":627},", ser. If it is a ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":629,"children":630},{},[631],{"type":22,"value":632},"state, location or condition",{"type":22,"value":634}," that could change in the next hour, estar.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":636,"children":638},{"id":637},"por-vs-para",[639],{"type":22,"value":640},"Por vs Para",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":642,"children":643},{},[644],{"type":22,"value":645},"The other classic adult-learner trap. A working summary:",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":647,"children":648},{},[649,665],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":650,"children":651},{},[652],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":653,"children":654},{},[655,660],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":656,"children":657},{},[658],{"type":22,"value":659},"Use por for",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":22,"value":664},"Use para for",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":666,"children":667},{},[668,681,694,707,720],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":669,"children":670},{},[671,676],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":672,"children":673},{},[674],{"type":22,"value":675},"Cause \u002F reason (Lo hago por amor)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":22,"value":680},"Purpose \u002F goal (Estudio para aprender)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684,689],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":685,"children":686},{},[687],{"type":22,"value":688},"Duration (Vivi alli por dos anos)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":690,"children":691},{},[692],{"type":22,"value":693},"Deadline (Lo necesito para el lunes)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":695,"children":696},{},[697,702],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":698,"children":699},{},[700],{"type":22,"value":701},"Movement through (Pasamos por Madrid)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705],{"type":22,"value":706},"Destination (Voy para Madrid)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":708,"children":709},{},[710,715],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":711,"children":712},{},[713],{"type":22,"value":714},"Exchange (Te doy diez euros por el libro)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":716,"children":717},{},[718],{"type":22,"value":719},"Recipient (Es para ti)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":721,"children":722},{},[723,728],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":724,"children":725},{},[726],{"type":22,"value":727},"By means of (por telefono, por correo)",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":729,"children":730},{},[731],{"type":22,"value":732},"Comparison (Para su edad, sabe mucho)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":734,"children":735},{},[736],{"type":22,"value":737},"The rough English mapping: por = \"because of \u002F through \u002F in exchange for\"; para = \"in order to \u002F for the benefit of \u002F by (deadline).\"",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":739,"children":741},{"id":740},"the-personal-a",[742],{"type":22,"value":743},"The personal \"a\"",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":745,"children":746},{},[747,749,754],{"type":22,"value":748},"Spanish marks ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":750,"children":751},{},[752],{"type":22,"value":753},"animate direct objects with \"a\"",{"type":22,"value":755}," before the noun.",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":758,"children":759},"ul",{},[760,766,771],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":762,"children":763},"li",{},[764],{"type":22,"value":765},"Veo la casa. (I see the house.)",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":767,"children":768},{},[769],{"type":22,"value":770},"Veo a Maria. (I see Maria.)",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":772,"children":773},{},[774],{"type":22,"value":775},"Llamo al medico. (I call the doctor.)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":777,"children":778},{},[779],{"type":22,"value":780},"You do not use the personal \"a\" for inanimate objects, and you usually drop it after tener: Tengo dos hermanos (not Tengo a dos hermanos).",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":782,"children":784},{"id":783},"direct-and-indirect-object-pronouns",[785],{"type":22,"value":786},"Direct and indirect object pronouns",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":788,"children":789},{},[790,810],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":794,"children":795},{},[796,800,805],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":797,"children":798},{},[799],{"type":22,"value":79},{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":801,"children":802},{},[803],{"type":22,"value":804},"Direct (me, you, him...)",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":806,"children":807},{},[808],{"type":22,"value":809},"Indirect (to me, to you, to him...)",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813,830,847,865,882,899,916,934],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":814,"children":815},{},[816,821,826],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":817,"children":818},{},[819],{"type":22,"value":820},"1st sg",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":822,"children":823},{},[824],{"type":22,"value":825},"me",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":827,"children":828},{},[829],{"type":22,"value":825},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":831,"children":832},{},[833,838,843],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":834,"children":835},{},[836],{"type":22,"value":837},"2nd sg",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":839,"children":840},{},[841],{"type":22,"value":842},"te",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":844,"children":845},{},[846],{"type":22,"value":842},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":848,"children":849},{},[850,855,860],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":851,"children":852},{},[853],{"type":22,"value":854},"3rd sg masc",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":856,"children":857},{},[858],{"type":22,"value":859},"lo",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":861,"children":862},{},[863],{"type":22,"value":864},"le",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":866,"children":867},{},[868,873,878],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":869,"children":870},{},[871],{"type":22,"value":872},"3rd sg fem",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":874,"children":875},{},[876],{"type":22,"value":877},"la",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":879,"children":880},{},[881],{"type":22,"value":864},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":883,"children":884},{},[885,890,895],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":886,"children":887},{},[888],{"type":22,"value":889},"1st pl",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":891,"children":892},{},[893],{"type":22,"value":894},"nos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":896,"children":897},{},[898],{"type":22,"value":894},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":900,"children":901},{},[902,907,912],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":903,"children":904},{},[905],{"type":22,"value":906},"2nd pl",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":908,"children":909},{},[910],{"type":22,"value":911},"os",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":913,"children":914},{},[915],{"type":22,"value":911},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":917,"children":918},{},[919,924,929],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":920,"children":921},{},[922],{"type":22,"value":923},"3rd pl masc",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":925,"children":926},{},[927],{"type":22,"value":928},"los",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":930,"children":931},{},[932],{"type":22,"value":933},"les",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":935,"children":936},{},[937,942,947],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":938,"children":939},{},[940],{"type":22,"value":941},"3rd pl fem",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":943,"children":944},{},[945],{"type":22,"value":946},"las",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":948,"children":949},{},[950],{"type":22,"value":933},{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":952,"children":953},{},[954,956,961],{"type":22,"value":955},"Order when both appear: ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":957,"children":958},{},[959],{"type":22,"value":960},"indirect before direct",{"type":22,"value":962},".",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":964,"children":965},{},[966,971],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":967,"children":968},{},[969],{"type":22,"value":970},"Me lo dio. (He gave it to me.)",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":972,"children":973},{},[974],{"type":22,"value":975},"Te las mandare. (I will send them to you.)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":977,"children":978},{},[979,981,986],{"type":22,"value":980},"When both are 3rd person, the indirect \"le \u002F les\" becomes ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":982,"children":983},{},[984],{"type":22,"value":985},"se",{"type":22,"value":987},":",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":989,"children":990},{},[991],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":992,"children":993},{},[994],{"type":22,"value":995},"Le doy el libro a Juan. -> Se lo doy.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":997,"children":999},{"id":998},"gender-and-number",[1000],{"type":22,"value":1001},"Gender and number",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1003,"children":1004},{},[1005],{"type":22,"value":1006},"Every noun is masculine or feminine. Adjectives agree.",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":1008,"children":1009},{},[1010,1015],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1011,"children":1012},{},[1013],{"type":22,"value":1014},"el chico alto \u002F la chica alta",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1016,"children":1017},{},[1018],{"type":22,"value":1019},"los chicos altos \u002F las chicas altas",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1021,"children":1022},{},[1023],{"type":22,"value":1024},"Defaults that are usually right:",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":1026,"children":1027},{},[1028,1047,1058,1069],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1029,"children":1030},{},[1031,1033,1038,1040,1045],{"type":22,"value":1032},"Nouns ending in ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1034,"children":1035},{},[1036],{"type":22,"value":1037},"-o",{"type":22,"value":1039}," are usually masculine; ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1041,"children":1042},{},[1043],{"type":22,"value":1044},"-a",{"type":22,"value":1046}," usually feminine.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1048,"children":1049},{},[1050,1051,1056],{"type":22,"value":1032},{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1052,"children":1053},{},[1054],{"type":22,"value":1055},"-cion, -sion, -dad, -tad, -tud",{"type":22,"value":1057}," are usually feminine.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1059,"children":1060},{},[1061,1062,1067],{"type":22,"value":1032},{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1063,"children":1064},{},[1065],{"type":22,"value":1066},"-ma",{"type":22,"value":1068}," of Greek origin (problema, tema, sistema) are masculine despite the -a.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1070,"children":1071},{},[1072,1074,1079],{"type":22,"value":1073},"The day is ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1075,"children":1076},{},[1077],{"type":22,"value":1078},"el dia",{"type":22,"value":1080}," (masculine despite the -a).",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":1082,"children":1084},{"id":1083},"the-subjunctive-in-one-paragraph",[1085],{"type":22,"value":1086},"The subjunctive, in one paragraph",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1088,"children":1089},{},[1090,1092,1097],{"type":22,"value":1091},"Spanish uses the subjunctive far more than English does. The trigger is usually a main clause that expresses ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1093,"children":1094},{},[1095],{"type":22,"value":1096},"doubt, desire, emotion, denial, command, or hypothetical",{"type":22,"value":1098}," + the conjunction \"que\" + the dependent clause.",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1100,"children":1101},{},[1102,1104,1109,1111,1116],{"type":22,"value":1103},"Triggers to learn first: ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1105,"children":1106},{},[1107],{"type":22,"value":1108},"quiero que, espero que, dudo que, no creo que, ojala que, antes de que, para que, aunque, cuando",{"type":22,"value":1110}," (when referring to the future), ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1112,"children":1113},{},[1114],{"type":22,"value":1115},"si fuera",{"type":22,"value":1117}," (hypothetical \"if I were\").",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":1119,"children":1120},{},[1121,1126,1131],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1122,"children":1123},{},[1124],{"type":22,"value":1125},"Quiero que vengas. (I want you to come.) - want + que = subjunctive.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1127,"children":1128},{},[1129],{"type":22,"value":1130},"Espero que tengas razon. (I hope you are right.) - hope + que = subjunctive.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1132,"children":1133},{},[1134],{"type":22,"value":1135},"Cuando llegues, llamame. (When you arrive, call me.) - future \"when\" = subjunctive.",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1137,"children":1138},{},[1139],{"type":22,"value":1140},"Present subjunctive endings (regular):",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":1142,"children":1143},{},[1144,1165],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":1145,"children":1146},{},[1147],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1148,"children":1149},{},[1150,1153,1157,1161],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1151,"children":1152},{},[],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1154,"children":1155},{},[1156],{"type":22,"value":220},{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1158,"children":1159},{},[1160],{"type":22,"value":225},{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1162,"children":1163},{},[1164],{"type":22,"value":230},{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":1166,"children":1167},{},[1168,1190,1212,1232,1254,1276],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1169,"children":1170},{},[1171,1175,1180,1185],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1172,"children":1173},{},[1174],{"type":22,"value":241},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1176,"children":1177},{},[1178],{"type":22,"value":1179},"hable",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1181,"children":1182},{},[1183],{"type":22,"value":1184},"coma",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1186,"children":1187},{},[1188],{"type":22,"value":1189},"viva",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1191,"children":1192},{},[1193,1197,1202,1207],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1194,"children":1195},{},[1196],{"type":22,"value":264},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1198,"children":1199},{},[1200],{"type":22,"value":1201},"hables",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1203,"children":1204},{},[1205],{"type":22,"value":1206},"comas",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1208,"children":1209},{},[1210],{"type":22,"value":1211},"vivas",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1213,"children":1214},{},[1215,1220,1224,1228],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1216,"children":1217},{},[1218],{"type":22,"value":1219},"el \u002F ella",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1221,"children":1222},{},[1223],{"type":22,"value":1179},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1225,"children":1226},{},[1227],{"type":22,"value":1184},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1229,"children":1230},{},[1231],{"type":22,"value":1189},{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1233,"children":1234},{},[1235,1239,1244,1249],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1236,"children":1237},{},[1238],{"type":22,"value":310},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1240,"children":1241},{},[1242],{"type":22,"value":1243},"hablemos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1245,"children":1246},{},[1247],{"type":22,"value":1248},"comamos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1250,"children":1251},{},[1252],{"type":22,"value":1253},"vivamos",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1255,"children":1256},{},[1257,1261,1266,1271],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1258,"children":1259},{},[1260],{"type":22,"value":333},{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1262,"children":1263},{},[1264],{"type":22,"value":1265},"hableis",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1267,"children":1268},{},[1269],{"type":22,"value":1270},"comais",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1272,"children":1273},{},[1274],{"type":22,"value":1275},"vivais",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1277,"children":1278},{},[1279,1284,1289,1294],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1280,"children":1281},{},[1282],{"type":22,"value":1283},"ellos",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1285,"children":1286},{},[1287],{"type":22,"value":1288},"hablen",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1290,"children":1291},{},[1292],{"type":22,"value":1293},"coman",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1295,"children":1296},{},[1297],{"type":22,"value":1298},"vivan",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1300,"children":1301},{},[1302,1304,1309],{"type":22,"value":1303},"The pattern: ",{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1305,"children":1306},{},[1307],{"type":22,"value":1308},"swap the vowel",{"type":22,"value":1310},". -ar verbs use -e endings; -er and -ir verbs use -a endings. The irregularities mostly carry over from the present indicative yo form.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":1312,"children":1314},{"id":1313},"negation",[1315],{"type":22,"value":1316},"Negation",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1318,"children":1319},{},[1320],{"type":22,"value":1321},"A double negative is grammatical and expected in Spanish.",{"type":16,"tag":757,"props":1323,"children":1324},{},[1325,1330,1335,1340],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1326,"children":1327},{},[1328],{"type":22,"value":1329},"No tengo nada. (I do not have anything. Literally: I do not have nothing.)",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1331,"children":1332},{},[1333],{"type":22,"value":1334},"No vi a nadie. (I did not see anyone.)",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1336,"children":1337},{},[1338],{"type":22,"value":1339},"Nunca voy alli. (I never go there.) - subject + negative, no extra no needed.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1341,"children":1342},{},[1343],{"type":22,"value":1344},"No voy nunca alli. (I never go there.) - object + negative needs the no before the verb.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":1346,"children":1348},{"id":1347},"question-formation",[1349],{"type":22,"value":1350},"Question formation",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1352,"children":1353},{},[1354],{"type":22,"value":1355},"Spanish does not invert subject and verb the way English does. Three options:",{"type":16,"tag":1357,"props":1358,"children":1359},"ol",{},[1360,1370,1380],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1361,"children":1362},{},[1363,1368],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1364,"children":1365},{},[1366],{"type":22,"value":1367},"Statement intonation rising at the end",{"type":22,"value":1369},": Tienes hambre? (You are hungry?) - voice rising at the end.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1371,"children":1372},{},[1373,1378],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1374,"children":1375},{},[1376],{"type":22,"value":1377},"Subject inversion",{"type":22,"value":1379}," (formal): Tienes tu hambre? (Are you hungry?) - subject after verb.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1381,"children":1382},{},[1383,1388],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1384,"children":1385},{},[1386],{"type":22,"value":1387},"Question word",{"type":22,"value":1389},": Por que tienes hambre? (Why are you hungry?)",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1391,"children":1392},{},[1393],{"type":22,"value":1394},"The inverted opening \"?\" tells readers a question is coming so they know how to read the intonation. It is mandatory in writing.",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":1396,"children":1398},{"id":1397},"time-expressions",[1399],{"type":22,"value":1400},"Time expressions",{"type":16,"tag":63,"props":1402,"children":1403},{},[1404,1420],{"type":16,"tag":67,"props":1405,"children":1406},{},[1407],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1408,"children":1409},{},[1410,1415],{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1411,"children":1412},{},[1413],{"type":22,"value":1414},"Expression",{"type":16,"tag":75,"props":1416,"children":1417},{},[1418],{"type":22,"value":1419},"Use",{"type":16,"tag":91,"props":1421,"children":1422},{},[1423,1436,1449,1462,1475,1488],{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1424,"children":1425},{},[1426,1431],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1427,"children":1428},{},[1429],{"type":22,"value":1430},"hace + duration + que",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1432,"children":1433},{},[1434],{"type":22,"value":1435},"\"for X time\" (Hace tres anos que vivo aqui)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1437,"children":1438},{},[1439,1444],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1440,"children":1441},{},[1442],{"type":22,"value":1443},"desde hace + duration",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1445,"children":1446},{},[1447],{"type":22,"value":1448},"alternative \"for X time\"",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1450,"children":1451},{},[1452,1457],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1453,"children":1454},{},[1455],{"type":22,"value":1456},"llevo + duration + gerund",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1458,"children":1459},{},[1460],{"type":22,"value":1461},"\"I have been doing X for time\" (Llevo tres anos viviendo aqui)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1463,"children":1464},{},[1465,1470],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1466,"children":1467},{},[1468],{"type":22,"value":1469},"acabar de + infinitive",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1471,"children":1472},{},[1473],{"type":22,"value":1474},"\"to have just done X\" (Acabo de comer)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1476,"children":1477},{},[1478,1483],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1479,"children":1480},{},[1481],{"type":22,"value":1482},"ir a + infinitive",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1484,"children":1485},{},[1486],{"type":22,"value":1487},"near future (Voy a comer)",{"type":16,"tag":71,"props":1489,"children":1490},{},[1491,1496],{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1492,"children":1493},{},[1494],{"type":22,"value":1495},"estar + gerund",{"type":16,"tag":98,"props":1497,"children":1498},{},[1499],{"type":22,"value":1500},"progressive (Estoy comiendo)",{"type":16,"tag":56,"props":1502,"children":1504},{"id":1503},"what-to-drill-first",[1505],{"type":22,"value":1506},"What to drill first",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1508,"children":1509},{},[1510],{"type":22,"value":1511},"If you are starting, focus your first hundred hours on:",{"type":16,"tag":1357,"props":1513,"children":1514},{},[1515,1532,1542,1552,1561],{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1516,"children":1517},{},[1518,1523,1525,1530],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1519,"children":1520},{},[1521],{"type":22,"value":1522},"Present tense of the top 20 verbs",{"type":22,"value":1524}," (the ",{"type":16,"tag":31,"props":1526,"children":1527},{"href":49},[1528],{"type":22,"value":1529},"Spanish core 100 wordlist",{"type":22,"value":1531}," gives you the list).",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1533,"children":1534},{},[1535,1540],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1536,"children":1537},{},[1538],{"type":22,"value":1539},"Ser vs estar",{"type":22,"value":1541}," until it is automatic, not effortful.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1543,"children":1544},{},[1545,1550],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1546,"children":1547},{},[1548],{"type":22,"value":1549},"The preterite vs imperfect distinction",{"type":22,"value":1551}," for past narration.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1553,"children":1554},{},[1555,1559],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1556,"children":1557},{},[1558],{"type":22,"value":786},{"type":22,"value":1560}," including the se-lo \u002F se-la rule.",{"type":16,"tag":761,"props":1562,"children":1563},{},[1564,1569],{"type":16,"tag":171,"props":1565,"children":1566},{},[1567],{"type":22,"value":1568},"The subjunctive in the most common triggers",{"type":22,"value":1570}," (quiero que, espero que, antes de que, cuando + future).",{"type":16,"tag":25,"props":1572,"children":1573},{},[1574],{"type":22,"value":1575},"Everything else (pluperfect, future perfect, conditional perfect, the imperfect subjunctive, formal commands) layers on top once these five are stable. Trying to learn all the tenses before any of them are conversational is the most common adult-learner mistake.",{"title":7,"searchDepth":1577,"depth":1577,"links":1578},2,[1579,1580,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594],{"id":58,"depth":1577,"text":61},{"id":180,"depth":1577,"text":183,"children":1581},[1582],{"id":199,"depth":1583,"text":202},3,{"id":374,"depth":1577,"text":377},{"id":520,"depth":1577,"text":523},{"id":637,"depth":1577,"text":640},{"id":740,"depth":1577,"text":743},{"id":783,"depth":1577,"text":786},{"id":998,"depth":1577,"text":1001},{"id":1083,"depth":1577,"text":1086},{"id":1313,"depth":1577,"text":1316},{"id":1347,"depth":1577,"text":1350},{"id":1397,"depth":1577,"text":1400},{"id":1503,"depth":1577,"text":1506},"markdown","content:spanish:grammar.md","content","spanish\u002Fgrammar.md","spanish\u002Fgrammar","md",1780941685601]