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5\"\u002F>",{"id":35,"title":36,"author":37,"body":38,"cefrLevel":655,"date":37,"description":656,"extension":657,"faqs":658,"gcseTier":665,"intro":666,"language":667,"lastUpdated":37,"meta":668,"navigation":669,"path":670,"seo":671,"stem":672,"verbSlugs":37,"__hash__":673},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs.md","French Impersonal Verbs: il y a, il faut, il fait and the Dummy Subject 'il'",null,{"type":39,"value":40,"toc":643},"minimark",[41,46,58,63,66,94,101,104,181,192,207,211,218,221,247,250,270,273,275,339,343,350,388,395,415,421,441,452,456,463,489,495,499,502,516,519,523,567,571,614,618],[42,43,45],"h1",{"id":44},"french-impersonal-verbs","French Impersonal Verbs",[47,48,49,50,54,55,57],"p",{},"Impersonal verbs in French are ones where the subject ",[51,52,53],"strong",{},"il"," has no real referent. There is no \"he\" or \"it\" doing anything. The ",[51,56,53],{}," is a grammatical placeholder, the same way English uses \"there\" or \"it\" in \"there is a cat\" or \"it's raining\".",[59,60,62],"h2",{"id":61},"il-y-a-there-is-there-are","il y a: there is \u002F there are",[47,64,65],{},"The all-purpose existence marker. Same form for singular and plural.",[67,68,69,76,82,88],"ul",{},[70,71,72,75],"li",{},[51,73,74],{},"Il y a un chat dans le jardin."," (There's a cat in the garden.)",[70,77,78,81],{},[51,79,80],{},"Il y a trois enfants."," (There are three children.)",[70,83,84,87],{},[51,85,86],{},"Il y a un probleme."," (There's a problem.)",[70,89,90,93],{},[51,91,92],{},"Il y a beaucoup de monde."," (There are a lot of people.)",[47,95,96,97,100],{},"The structure parses as ",[51,98,99],{},"il y a"," = \"it there has\", but the English equivalent is just \"there is \u002F are\".",[47,102,103],{},"Tense forms:",[105,106,107,123],"table",{},[108,109,110],"thead",{},[111,112,113,117,120],"tr",{},[114,115,116],"th",{},"Tense",[114,118,119],{},"Form",[114,121,122],{},"Meaning",[124,125,126,137,148,159,170],"tbody",{},[111,127,128,132,134],{},[129,130,131],"td",{},"Present",[129,133,99],{},[129,135,136],{},"there is \u002F are",[111,138,139,142,145],{},[129,140,141],{},"Imparfait",[129,143,144],{},"il y avait",[129,146,147],{},"there was \u002F were",[111,149,150,153,156],{},[129,151,152],{},"Passe compose",[129,154,155],{},"il y a eu",[129,157,158],{},"there has \u002F had been",[111,160,161,164,167],{},[129,162,163],{},"Futur",[129,165,166],{},"il y aura",[129,168,169],{},"there will be",[111,171,172,175,178],{},[129,173,174],{},"Conditionnel",[129,176,177],{},"il y aurait",[129,179,180],{},"there would be",[47,182,183,184,187,188,191],{},"Negation: ",[51,185,186],{},"il n'y a pas",". ",[51,189,190],{},"Il n'y a pas de pain"," (there's no bread). The article-becomes-de rule applies here as everywhere.",[47,193,194,195,198,199,202,203,206],{},"Question: ",[51,196,197],{},"Y a-t-il un probleme?"," (Is there a problem?) - formal, with inversion. Or ",[51,200,201],{},"Est-ce qu'il y a un probleme?"," - neutral. Or ",[51,204,205],{},"Il y a un probleme?"," - casual.",[59,208,210],{"id":209},"il-faut-one-must-its-necessary","il faut: one must \u002F it's necessary",[47,212,213,214,217],{},"Expresses necessity. Followed by a noun, an infinitive, or ",[51,215,216],{},"que + subjunctive"," (Higher-tier).",[47,219,220],{},"With an infinitive:",[67,222,223,229,235,241],{},[70,224,225,228],{},[51,226,227],{},"Il faut partir."," (We have to leave \u002F one must leave.)",[70,230,231,234],{},[51,232,233],{},"Il faut manger."," (One must eat.)",[70,236,237,240],{},[51,238,239],{},"Il faut etre patient."," (You have to be patient.)",[70,242,243,246],{},[51,244,245],{},"Il ne faut pas oublier."," (You mustn't forget.)",[47,248,249],{},"With a noun (a need for something):",[67,251,252,258,264],{},[70,253,254,257],{},[51,255,256],{},"Il faut du pain."," (Bread is needed.)",[70,259,260,263],{},[51,261,262],{},"Il faut du temps."," (Time is needed.)",[70,265,266,269],{},[51,267,268],{},"Il me faut un stylo."," (I need a pen. - me adds the person)",[47,271,272],{},"The construction is impersonal - the il refers to nothing. The subject of the infinitive is implied by context.",[47,274,103],{},[105,276,277,287],{},[108,278,279],{},[111,280,281,283,285],{},[114,282,116],{},[114,284,119],{},[114,286,122],{},[124,288,289,299,309,319,329],{},[111,290,291,293,296],{},[129,292,131],{},[129,294,295],{},"il faut",[129,297,298],{},"one must",[111,300,301,303,306],{},[129,302,141],{},[129,304,305],{},"il fallait",[129,307,308],{},"one had to \u002F it was necessary",[111,310,311,313,316],{},[129,312,152],{},[129,314,315],{},"il a fallu",[129,317,318],{},"one had to",[111,320,321,323,326],{},[129,322,163],{},[129,324,325],{},"il faudra",[129,327,328],{},"one will have to",[111,330,331,333,336],{},[129,332,174],{},[129,334,335],{},"il faudrait",[129,337,338],{},"one should \u002F would have to",[59,340,342],{"id":341},"il-fait-weather","il fait + weather",[47,344,345,346,349],{},"The default construction for weather. ",[51,347,348],{},"Il fait"," + adjective covers most of it.",[67,351,352,358,364,370,376,382],{},[70,353,354,357],{},[51,355,356],{},"Il fait beau."," (The weather is nice.)",[70,359,360,363],{},[51,361,362],{},"Il fait chaud."," (It's hot.)",[70,365,366,369],{},[51,367,368],{},"Il fait froid."," (It's cold.)",[70,371,372,375],{},[51,373,374],{},"Il fait mauvais."," (The weather is bad.)",[70,377,378,381],{},[51,379,380],{},"Il fait jour."," (It's daylight.)",[70,383,384,387],{},[51,385,386],{},"Il fait nuit."," (It's nighttime.)",[47,389,390,391,394],{},"For weather as a verb (the active phenomenon), French uses ",[51,392,393],{},"il + weather verb",":",[67,396,397,403,409],{},[70,398,399,402],{},[51,400,401],{},"Il pleut."," (It's raining.)",[70,404,405,408],{},[51,406,407],{},"Il neige."," (It's snowing.)",[70,410,411,414],{},[51,412,413],{},"Il gele."," (It's freezing.)",[47,416,417,418,394],{},"Or ",[51,419,420],{},"il y a + noun",[67,422,423,429,435],{},[70,424,425,428],{},[51,426,427],{},"Il y a du soleil."," (It's sunny.)",[70,430,431,434],{},[51,432,433],{},"Il y a du vent."," (It's windy.)",[70,436,437,440],{},[51,438,439],{},"Il y a du brouillard."," (It's foggy.)",[47,442,443,444,447,448,451],{},"All three patterns coexist. Foundation tier wants you confident with ",[51,445,446],{},"il fait + adj"," and ",[51,449,450],{},"il pleut \u002F il neige"," at a minimum.",[59,453,455],{"id":454},"il-est-time","il est + time",[47,457,458,459,462],{},"Time-telling uses ",[51,460,461],{},"il est"," (not il y a, not il fait).",[67,464,465,471,477,483],{},[70,466,467,470],{},[51,468,469],{},"Il est trois heures."," (It's three o'clock.)",[70,472,473,476],{},[51,474,475],{},"Il est midi."," (It's noon.)",[70,478,479,482],{},[51,480,481],{},"Il est minuit et demi."," (It's half past midnight.)",[70,484,485,488],{},[51,486,487],{},"Quelle heure est-il?"," (What time is it?)",[47,490,491,492,494],{},"The same ",[51,493,461],{}," is used in some Higher-tier impersonal constructions (il est difficile de..., il est interdit de...), but for Foundation tier it's mostly the time-telling verb.",[59,496,498],{"id":497},"il-manque-il-reste-briefly","il manque, il reste (briefly)",[47,500,501],{},"Two more impersonal verbs worth recognising:",[67,503,504,510],{},[70,505,506,509],{},[51,507,508],{},"Il manque trois personnes."," (Three people are missing.)",[70,511,512,515],{},[51,513,514],{},"Il reste deux gateaux."," (There are two cakes left.)",[47,517,518],{},"The il is grammatical; the real subject (the missing people, the remaining cakes) comes after the verb. These are Higher-tier on the AQA list but show up at Foundation level in passive listening.",[59,520,522],{"id":521},"worked-examples","Worked examples",[67,524,525,531,537,543,549,555,561],{},[70,526,527,530],{},[51,528,529],{},"Il y a beaucoup de monde au marche ce matin."," (There are a lot of people at the market this morning.)",[70,532,533,536],{},[51,534,535],{},"Hier, il y avait un concert dans le parc."," (Yesterday there was a concert in the park.)",[70,538,539,542],{},[51,540,541],{},"Il faut partir maintenant si on veut arriver a l'heure."," (We have to leave now if we want to arrive on time.)",[70,544,545,548],{},[51,546,547],{},"Il ne faut pas oublier ton passeport."," (You mustn't forget your passport.)",[70,550,551,554],{},[51,552,553],{},"Il fait beau, mais il y a du vent."," (The weather is nice, but it's windy.)",[70,556,557,560],{},[51,558,559],{},"Hier, il a plu toute la journee."," (Yesterday it rained all day.)",[70,562,563,566],{},[51,564,565],{},"Il est cinq heures et demie."," (It's half past five.)",[59,568,570],{"id":569},"common-mistakes-english-speakers-make","Common mistakes English speakers make",[47,572,573,574,576,577,580,581,583,584,586,587,589,590,593,594,597,598,601,602,605,606,609,610,613],{},"Using ",[51,575,99],{}," for time and ",[51,578,579],{},"il fait"," for existence: time wants ",[51,582,461],{},", existence wants ",[51,585,99],{},", weather wants ",[51,588,579],{}," or ",[51,591,592],{},"il pleut",". They're not interchangeable. Forgetting the article-becomes-de rule under negation: ",[51,595,596],{},"il n'y a pas du pain"," is wrong, it's ",[51,599,600],{},"il n'y a pas de pain",". And translating \"I have to\" with ",[51,603,604],{},"j'ai a"," - the French construction is ",[51,607,608],{},"il faut que je..."," or just ",[51,611,612],{},"je dois..."," (with devoir).",[59,615,617],{"id":616},"see-also","See also",[67,619,620,629,636],{},[70,621,622,623,628],{},"The ",[624,625,627],"a",{"href":626},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fpartitives-and-de","partitives and de page"," covers the de rule that applies under negation in il n'y a pas de...",[70,630,622,631,635],{},[624,632,634],{"href":633},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fcheatsheet","French grammar cheatsheet"," covers the wider A1-B1 foundation.",[70,637,622,638,642],{},[624,639,641],{"href":640},"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fintermediate","intermediate French grammar"," page covers il faut + que + subjunctive and the other impersonal constructions (il est difficile de, il vaut mieux que).",{"title":644,"searchDepth":645,"depth":645,"links":646},"",2,[647,648,649,650,651,652,653,654],{"id":61,"depth":645,"text":62},{"id":209,"depth":645,"text":210},{"id":341,"depth":645,"text":342},{"id":454,"depth":645,"text":455},{"id":497,"depth":645,"text":498},{"id":521,"depth":645,"text":522},{"id":569,"depth":645,"text":570},{"id":616,"depth":645,"text":617},"A1-A2","French impersonal verbs - constructions where 'il' has no real referent. il y a (there is), il faut (one must), il fait + weather, il est + time. The patterns and their tense forms.","md",[659,662],{"q":660,"a":661},"What is the difference between il y a and il est in French?","Both translate as 'there is' in some contexts, but they cover different ground. Il y a (literally 'it there has') is the all-purpose 'there is \u002F there are' for existence - 'il y a un chat dans le jardin' (there's a cat in the garden), 'il y a trois enfants' (there are three children). Il est is used only for telling time - 'il est trois heures' (it's three o'clock) - and in higher-tier constructions like 'il est difficile de...' (it's difficult to...). For everyday 'there is \u002F are', il y a is what you want.",{"q":663,"a":664},"How does il faut work in French?","Il faut is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is necessary' or 'one must'. It can be followed by a noun ('il faut du pain' = bread is needed) or by an infinitive ('il faut partir' = one must leave \u002F we have to leave). The il has no real referent - it's grammatical only. There's no English equivalent that's both as compact and as universal; closest is 'gotta' or 'need to'. Past form: il fallait (it was necessary). Future: il faudra (it will be necessary). Conditional: il faudrait (it would be necessary \u002F one should).","foundation","French uses 'il' as a dummy subject in a small set of fixed constructions where English uses 'there', 'one', or 'it'. There is no real subject - the il is grammatical only. This page covers the four impersonal verbs you'll use most: il y a (there is \u002F are), il faut (one must \u002F it's necessary), il fait + weather, and il est for time. Each has present, past, and future forms worth knowing.","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs",{"title":36,"description":656},"french\u002Fgrammar\u002Fimpersonal-verbs","2eyhAeNkmHYErhdoIl-eRHTWKA25dHGVFz1yscvr3x0",[],{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":676},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 15V3m9 12v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m7 10l5 5l5-5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":678},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M13 21h8M15 5l4 4m2.174-2.188a1 1 0 0 0-3.986-3.987L3.842 16.174a2 2 0 0 0-.5.83l-1.321 4.352a.5.5 0 0 0 .623.622l4.353-1.32a2 2 0 0 0 .83-.497z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":680},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Crect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" ry=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"9\" cy=\"9\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"m21 15l-3.086-3.086a2 2 0 0 0-2.828 0L6 21\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":682},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M6 22a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V4a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h8a2.4 2.4 0 0 1 1.704.706l3.588 3.588A2.4 2.4 0 0 1 20 8v12a2 2 0 0 1-2 2z\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M14 2v5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5M10 9H8m8 4H8m8 4H8\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":684},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":686},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":688},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":690,"hidden":669},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1]