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1-2-2z\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":27},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"m9 18l6-6l-6-6\"\u002F>",{"id":29,"title":30,"author":31,"body":32,"cefrLevel":31,"date":1057,"description":1058,"extension":1059,"language":1060,"lastUpdated":31,"meta":1061,"navigation":1062,"path":1063,"seo":1064,"stem":1065,"__hash__":1066},"pages\u002Ffrench\u002Falphabet.md","The French Alphabet: Every Letter, Diacritic, and Silent Trap",null,{"type":33,"value":34,"toc":1032},"minimark",[35,40,44,47,52,419,422,426,429,434,437,441,444,479,483,489,508,512,515,539,542,546,558,583,586,590,593,611,622,626,632,663,678,682,685,711,714,718,725,744,747,751,768,788,802,806,809,839,858,862,865,883,887,902,932,935,939,954,957,961,964,1011,1014,1018,1029],[36,37,39],"h1",{"id":38},"the-french-alphabet","The French Alphabet",[41,42,43],"p",{},"French has 26 letters, the same 26 you already know from English. The difficulty is not the alphabet itself; it is the layer of diacritics, ligatures, silent finals, and liaison rules sitting on top of it. A fair number of letters you see on a page of French are not pronounced at all.",[41,45,46],{},"This page covers the 26 letters with their French names and sounds, the five diacritics (acute, grave, circumflex, diaeresis, cedilla), the two ligatures, the silent-letter problem, liaison, and the small set of sounds an English speaker has to build from scratch. A deeper pronunciation guide for the nasal vowels and the uvular r lives at the French pronunciation page.",[48,49,51],"h2",{"id":50},"the-26-letters","The 26 letters",[53,54,55,71],"table",{},[56,57,58],"thead",{},[59,60,61,65,68],"tr",{},[62,63,64],"th",{},"Letter",[62,66,67],{},"French name",[62,69,70],{},"Sound (closest English approximation)",[72,73,74,90,105,116,131,142,157,168,179,194,209,224,239,254,269,283,297,308,319,330,345,356,371,382,393,404],"tbody",{},[59,75,76,80,83],{},[77,78,79],"td",{},"A a",[77,81,82],{},"a",[77,84,85,86,89],{},"\"ah\" as in f",[87,88,82],"strong",{},"ther.",[59,91,92,95,98],{},[77,93,94],{},"B b",[77,96,97],{},"bé",[77,99,100,101,104],{},"\"b\" as in ",[87,102,103],{},"b","oat.",[59,106,107,110,113],{},[77,108,109],{},"C c",[77,111,112],{},"cé",[77,114,115],{},"\"k\" before a\u002Fo\u002Fu or a consonant; \"s\" before e\u002Fi\u002Fy.",[59,117,118,121,124],{},[77,119,120],{},"D d",[77,122,123],{},"dé",[77,125,126,127,130],{},"\"d\" as in ",[87,128,129],{},"d","og. Almost always silent at the end of a word.",[59,132,133,136,139],{},[77,134,135],{},"E e",[77,137,138],{},"e",[77,140,141],{},"Three flavours: silent at the end of a word, \"uh\" (schwa) in the middle, \"eh\" with an accent.",[59,143,144,147,150],{},[77,145,146],{},"F f",[77,148,149],{},"èf (or èffe)",[77,151,152,153,156],{},"\"f\" as in ",[87,154,155],{},"f","oot. Often pronounced even at the end of a word (chef, neuf).",[59,158,159,162,165],{},[77,160,161],{},"G g",[77,163,164],{},"gé",[77,166,167],{},"Hard \"g\" before a\u002Fo\u002Fu; soft \"zh\" (the s in measure) before e\u002Fi\u002Fy.",[59,169,170,173,176],{},[77,171,172],{},"H h",[77,174,175],{},"ache",[77,177,178],{},"Silent. Always. Split into h muet and h aspiré, which behave differently for liaison.",[59,180,181,184,187],{},[77,182,183],{},"I i",[77,185,186],{},"i",[77,188,189,190,193],{},"\"ee\" as in s",[87,191,192],{},"ee",".",[59,195,196,199,202],{},[77,197,198],{},"J j",[77,200,201],{},"ji",[77,203,204,205,208],{},"\"zh\" as in the s in mea",[87,206,207],{},"s","ure. Never the English \"j\" of jam.",[59,210,211,214,217],{},[77,212,213],{},"K k",[77,215,216],{},"ka",[77,218,219,220,223],{},"\"k\" as in ",[87,221,222],{},"k","ing. Almost only in loanwords.",[59,225,226,229,232],{},[77,227,228],{},"L l",[77,230,231],{},"èl (or elle)",[77,233,234,235,238],{},"\"l\" as in ",[87,236,237],{},"l","et. Silent in a few common words (gentil, fils).",[59,240,241,244,247],{},[77,242,243],{},"M m",[77,245,246],{},"èm (or emme)",[77,248,249,250,253],{},"\"m\" as in ",[87,251,252],{},"m","oth, except when it marks a nasal vowel.",[59,255,256,259,262],{},[77,257,258],{},"N n",[77,260,261],{},"èn (or enne)",[77,263,264,265,268],{},"\"n\" as in ",[87,266,267],{},"n","ut, except when it marks a nasal vowel.",[59,270,271,274,277],{},[77,272,273],{},"O o",[77,275,276],{},"o",[77,278,279,280,282],{},"\"oh\" as in g",[87,281,276],{},", shorter and rounder than English.",[59,284,285,288,291],{},[77,286,287],{},"P p",[77,289,290],{},"pé",[77,292,293,294,296],{},"\"p\" as in ",[87,295,41],{},"en. Silent at the end (trop, beaucoup).",[59,298,299,302,305],{},[77,300,301],{},"Q q",[77,303,304],{},"qu (or cu)",[77,306,307],{},"\"k\". Always followed by silent u. Qui = \"kee\", quand = \"kahn\". Never \"kw\".",[59,309,310,313,316],{},[77,311,312],{},"R r",[77,314,315],{},"èrre",[77,317,318],{},"Uvular r, from the back of the throat. The most distinctive sound in French.",[59,320,321,324,327],{},[77,322,323],{},"S s",[77,325,326],{},"èsse",[77,328,329],{},"\"s\" at the start; \"z\" between two vowels; silent at the end.",[59,331,332,335,338],{},[77,333,334],{},"T t",[77,336,337],{},"té",[77,339,340,341,344],{},"\"t\" as in ",[87,342,343],{},"t","op. Silent at the end (chat, petit), but pronounced in liaison.",[59,346,347,350,353],{},[77,348,349],{},"U u",[77,351,352],{},"u",[77,354,355],{},"\"ee said with rounded lips\". Not in English.",[59,357,358,361,364],{},[77,359,360],{},"V v",[77,362,363],{},"vé",[77,365,366,367,370],{},"\"v\" as in ",[87,368,369],{},"v","oice. Unlike Spanish, French v is a real v.",[59,372,373,376,379],{},[77,374,375],{},"W w",[77,377,378],{},"double vé",[77,380,381],{},"\"v\" or \"w\" depending on the loanword (wagon, week-end).",[59,383,384,387,390],{},[77,385,386],{},"X x",[77,388,389],{},"iks",[77,391,392],{},"\"ks\" or \"gz\" in the middle; silent at the end (deux, croix); \"s\" in a handful (six, dix).",[59,394,395,398,401],{},[77,396,397],{},"Y y",[77,399,400],{},"i grec",[77,402,403],{},"\"ee\" like an i; takes accents and acts as a vowel.",[59,405,406,409,412],{},[77,407,408],{},"Z z",[77,410,411],{},"zède",[77,413,414,415,418],{},"\"z\" as in ",[87,416,417],{},"z","oo. Often silent at the end (chez, riz, nez).",[41,420,421],{},"That is the canonical 26, identical in count to the English alphabet but considerably less honest about its intentions. The Académie française does not formally publish the alphabet the way the Real Academia does for Spanish, but the names above are what French primary schools teach and what people use to spell words aloud over the phone.",[48,423,425],{"id":424},"the-diacritics","The diacritics",[41,427,428],{},"French has five diacritics. They are not optional flourishes; they are part of the spelling and change meaning, pronunciation, or both.",[430,431,433],"h3",{"id":432},"acute-accent-accent-aigu-é","Acute accent (accent aigu): é",[41,435,436],{},"Only ever appears on the letter e. Turns it into a closed \"ay\"-ish sound, closer to the e in English \"café\" than to \"day\". Examples: été (summer), café, école (school), général. The acute is the most common French accent and the one English speakers spot first because it survives in borrowed words.",[430,438,440],{"id":439},"grave-accent-accent-grave-à-è-ù","Grave accent (accent grave): à, è, ù",[41,442,443],{},"Appears on a, e, and u.",[445,446,447,455],"ul",{},[448,449,450,451,454],"li",{},"On ",[87,452,453],{},"è",", it changes the vowel to an open \"eh\" (the e in English \"bed\"). Père, mère, frère, très.",[448,456,450,457,460,461,464,465,467,468,470,471,474,475,478],{},[87,458,459],{},"à"," and ",[87,462,463],{},"ù",", it does not change the sound. It exists purely to distinguish homophones: ",[87,466,82],{}," (has) vs ",[87,469,459],{}," (to, at); ",[87,472,473],{},"ou"," (or) vs ",[87,476,477],{},"où"," (where).",[430,480,482],{"id":481},"circumflex-accent-circonflexe-â-ê-î-ô-û","Circumflex (accent circonflexe): â, ê, î, ô, û",[41,484,485,486,488],{},"Can appear on any vowel. Historically marks where an ",[87,487,207],{}," used to be in Old French and has since been lost, so the English cognate often still has the s: forêt (forest), hôpital (hospital), château (castle), île (island), pâte (paste, pasta), goût (taste), arrêt (arrest, stop).",[41,490,491,492,495,496,499,500,503,504,507],{},"On a and o it slightly lengthens or rounds the vowel; on e it opens it (similar to è); on i and u it usually changes nothing audible. The Académie française made it optional on i and u in 1990 except where it distinguishes meaning (",[87,493,494],{},"sûr"," \"sure\" vs ",[87,497,498],{},"sur"," \"on\", ",[87,501,502],{},"dû"," vs ",[87,505,506],{},"du","). Most adult writing still uses it everywhere.",[430,509,511],{"id":510},"diaeresis-tréma-ë-ï-ü-ÿ","Diaeresis \u002F tréma: ë, ï, ü, ÿ",[41,513,514],{},"The two dots. They mean \"pronounce this vowel separately from the one next to it\". Without the tréma, two adjacent vowels would form a single sound; the tréma forces them apart.",[445,516,517,523,529],{},[448,518,519,522],{},[87,520,521],{},"Noël"," is \"no-EL\", two syllables, not \"nole\".",[448,524,525,528],{},[87,526,527],{},"naïf"," is \"na-EEF\", not \"nayf\".",[448,530,531,534,535,538],{},[87,532,533],{},"maïs"," (corn) is \"ma-EES\", distinguished from ",[87,536,537],{},"mais"," (but) which is \"may\".",[41,540,541],{},"The tréma on ü and ÿ is rare and almost entirely confined to proper nouns. For everyday French you will see ë and ï and that is essentially it.",[430,543,545],{"id":544},"cedilla-cédille-ç","Cedilla (cédille): ç",[41,547,548,549,551,552,554,555,557],{},"The hook under the c. Only ever on the letter c, only before ",[87,550,82],{},", ",[87,553,276],{},", or ",[87,556,352],{},". Its single job is to keep the c soft (an \"s\" sound) where it would otherwise be hard.",[445,559,560,566],{},[448,561,562,565],{},[87,563,564],{},"français"," needs the cedilla; without it, \"francais\" would be read \"fran-kay\".",[448,567,568,551,571,551,574,551,577,551,580,193],{},[87,569,570],{},"garçon",[87,572,573],{},"leçon",[87,575,576],{},"reçu",[87,578,579],{},"ça",[87,581,582],{},"commerçant",[41,584,585],{},"Never before e, i, or y (the c is already soft there). Never on k or g. The cedilla is c-only, and there is more on the underlying rule below.",[430,587,589],{"id":588},"ligatures-œ-and-æ","Ligatures: œ and æ",[41,591,592],{},"Strictly not diacritics but bound letterforms. They behave like single letters.",[445,594,595,605],{},[448,596,597,600,601,604],{},[87,598,599],{},"œ"," is the workhorse. Appears in cœur (heart), sœur (sister), œuf (egg), œuvre (work), bœuf (beef), nœud (knot), vœu (wish), and ",[87,602,603],{},"œil"," (eye). Pronounced \"uh\" or \"eu\" depending on the surrounding letters.",[448,606,607,610],{},[87,608,609],{},"æ"," is rare, almost entirely confined to Latin borrowings: et cætera, curriculum vitæ, ex æquo. Pronounced \"ay\" or \"eh\".",[41,612,613,614,617,618,621],{},"These are real letters and should not be typed as \"oe\" or \"ae\" in proper writing. Writing \"coeur\" in a French school essay will lose you a half mark. Typing them: ",[87,615,616],{},"Alt + 0156"," (œ) on Windows with a numeric keypad; ",[87,619,620],{},"Option + q"," on Mac. A different unbound \"oe\" sequence exists (coexister, moelle), pronounced as two separate vowels.",[48,623,625],{"id":624},"the-silent-letter-problem","The silent letter problem",[41,627,628,629,193],{},"The hardest thing about reading French aloud is that many letters on the page are not pronounced. The rule of thumb: ",[87,630,631],{},"final consonants are usually silent; final -e is usually silent; final -es and -ent (on verbs) are usually silent",[445,633,634,640,646,652,657],{},[448,635,636,639],{},[87,637,638],{},"petit"," is \"puh-TEE\".",[448,641,642,645],{},[87,643,644],{},"gros"," is \"GROH\".",[448,647,648,651],{},[87,649,650],{},"chaud"," is \"SHOH\".",[448,653,654,656],{},[87,655,53],{}," is \"TABL\", with the final e barely there.",[448,658,659,662],{},[87,660,661],{},"ils parlent"," is \"eel PARL\"; the -ent ending is silent.",[41,664,665,666,669,670,673,674,677],{},"The mnemonic French children learn is ",[87,667,668],{},"CaReFuL",": the consonants ",[87,671,672],{},"c, r, f, l"," are the ones that often ",[87,675,676],{},"are"," pronounced at the end of a word (sac, mer, chef, mal). Everything else (d, s, t, x, z, p, g, m, n) is usually silent.",[430,679,681],{"id":680},"liaison","Liaison",[41,683,684],{},"Liaison undoes half of that. When a word ending in a silent consonant is followed by one starting with a vowel sound, the silent consonant comes back and binds to the next word.",[445,686,687,693,699,705],{},[448,688,689,692],{},[87,690,691],{},"les amis"," is \"lay-zah-MEE\" (the silent s of les is pronounced as a z).",[448,694,695,698],{},[87,696,697],{},"un homme"," is \"uhn-NOM\".",[448,700,701,704],{},[87,702,703],{},"petit ami"," is \"puh-tee-tah-MEE\".",[448,706,707,710],{},[87,708,709],{},"vous avez"," is \"voo-zah-VAY\".",[41,712,713],{},"Liaison is required after articles and between subject pronouns and verbs, forbidden after a singular noun, before an h aspiré, or after the conjunction et. There is a separate page on liaison that walks through each case.",[48,715,717],{"id":716},"the-cedilla-rule","The cedilla rule",[41,719,720,721,724],{},"French inherited from Latin the rule that ",[87,722,723],{},"c"," is hard before a\u002Fo\u002Fu and soft before e\u002Fi\u002Fy. When you want a soft c before a\u002Fo\u002Fu, you add the cedilla.",[445,726,727,733,739],{},[448,728,729,732],{},[87,730,731],{},"commencer"," (to begin): no cedilla, because the c is followed by e.",[448,734,735,738],{},[87,736,737],{},"commençons"," (we begin): cedilla, because the c is now followed by o and you want to keep the soft \"s\" sound.",[448,740,741,743],{},[87,742,564],{},": cedilla, because you want \"fran-SAY\", not \"fran-KAY\".",[41,745,746],{},"K is always hard regardless of vowel; g uses a different mechanism (adding a silent e, as in mangeons) to stay soft before a back vowel. The cedilla is c-only.",[48,748,750],{"id":749},"the-u-sound","The u sound",[41,752,753,754,756,757,759,760,763,764,767],{},"The French ",[87,755,352],{}," is the vowel English speakers wrestle with for years. It is not \"oo\" (that is the French ",[87,758,473],{},", as in ",[87,761,762],{},"vous"," or ",[87,765,766],{},"nous","). It is the sound you make by shaping your mouth to say \"ee\" and then rounding your lips as if to whistle.",[445,769,770,776,782],{},[448,771,772,775],{},[87,773,774],{},"tu"," (you, informal) is not \"too\". It is \"tew\" with rounded lips.",[448,777,778,781],{},[87,779,780],{},"lune"," (moon) is not \"loon\". It is \"lewn\" with rounded lips.",[448,783,784,787],{},[87,785,786],{},"rue"," (street) is not \"roo\". It is \"rew\" with rounded lips.",[41,789,790,791,793,794,797,798,801],{},"The default English error is to substitute \"oo\" (the French ",[87,792,473],{},"), producing a different word every time. ",[87,795,796],{},"Dessus"," (above) and ",[87,799,800],{},"dessous"," (below) are antonyms separated only by the u \u002F ou distinction, and getting it wrong reverses your meaning. Drilling the u \u002F ou contrast until automatic is the highest-leverage pronunciation exercise an adult French learner can do.",[48,803,805],{"id":804},"nasal-vowels","Nasal vowels",[41,807,808],{},"French has a set of vowel sounds where the vowel is pronounced through the nose and the following m or n is not pronounced as a consonant. The four classical ones:",[445,810,811,817,823,829],{},[448,812,813,816],{},[87,814,815],{},"an \u002F en \u002F am \u002F em",": roughly the vowel in \"aunt\" said through the nose. Sans, dans, temps, vent.",[448,818,819,822],{},[87,820,821],{},"in \u002F im \u002F ain \u002F aim \u002F ein",": a more open nasal vowel. Vin, pain, plein, faim.",[448,824,825,828],{},[87,826,827],{},"on \u002F om",": the rounded nasal. Bon, son, nom, tombe.",[448,830,831,834,835,838],{},[87,832,833],{},"un \u002F um",": historically separate, increasingly merged with ",[87,836,837],{},"in"," in modern Parisian French. Un, brun, parfum.",[41,840,841,842,845,846,849,850,853,854,857],{},"The m or n is part of the vowel only if it is not followed by another vowel or a doubled mn. ",[87,843,844],{},"Bon"," has a nasal vowel; ",[87,847,848],{},"bonne"," does not, because the second n unblocks it. ",[87,851,852],{},"An"," is nasal; ",[87,855,856],{},"âne"," (donkey) is not. Fuller treatment lives on the French pronunciation page.",[48,859,861],{"id":860},"k-and-w","K and W",[41,863,864],{},"French historically had no k or w in native vocabulary. Both letters exist in the modern alphabet only for loanwords, and even then they are uncommon.",[445,866,867,873],{},[448,868,869,872],{},[87,870,871],{},"K"," in kilo, karaté, kiwi, koala, kayak. Most have direct English cognates.",[448,874,875,878,879,882],{},[87,876,877],{},"W"," in wagon (railway carriage), week-end, western, wifi, whisky. Pronunciation varies: wagon is \"va-GON\" (w as v); week-end is \"wee-KEND\" (w as w). The Académie française has pushed ",[87,880,881],{},"fin de semaine"," as a replacement and been largely ignored outside Quebec.",[48,884,886],{"id":885},"the-h-muet-and-aspiré","The H: muet and aspiré",[41,888,889,890,893,894,897,898,901],{},"French h is silent. ",[87,891,892],{},"Hôtel"," is \"oh-TEL\"; ",[87,895,896],{},"homme"," is \"OM\"; ",[87,899,900],{},"histoire"," is \"ees-TWAR\". But there are two flavours of silent h, and they behave differently for liaison and elision:",[445,903,904,918],{},[448,905,906,909,910,913,914,917],{},[87,907,908],{},"H muet"," (\"mute h\") behaves as if the h were not there. The word starts with a vowel for liaison and elision. ",[87,911,912],{},"L'homme",", not \"le homme\". ",[87,915,916],{},"Les hommes",": \"lay-zom\".",[448,919,920,923,924,927,928,931],{},[87,921,922],{},"H aspiré"," (\"aspirated h\", a misleading name because nothing is aspirated) blocks liaison and elision. The word behaves as if it started with a consonant. ",[87,925,926],{},"Le hibou"," (the owl), not \"l'hibou\". ",[87,929,930],{},"Les haricots"," with no liaison: \"lay ah-ree-KO\", not \"lay-zah-ree-KO\".",[41,933,934],{},"Which kind a word has is determined by etymology: Latin-origin words tend to have h muet (homme, heure, hôtel, histoire); Germanic and Frankish words tend to have h aspiré (haricot, hibou, honte, héros). The spelling does not tell you. Dictionaries mark h aspiré with an asterisk. You learn each word individually.",[48,936,938],{"id":937},"stress","Stress",[41,940,941,942,945,946,949,950,953],{},"French essentially has no word stress in the sense English does. English distinguishes RE-cord (noun) from re-CORD (verb); French does not. The rhythm falls on the ",[87,943,944],{},"phrase",", not the word, and the stress (such as it is) lands on the last syllable of the phrase. In ",[87,947,948],{},"je vais au cinéma",", the slight stress is on the final ",[87,951,952],{},"-MA",". Within the phrase, each syllable is roughly equal in length, which is why French sounds \"flat\" to English ears and English-accented French sounds choppy to French ears.",[41,955,956],{},"This is the opposite of Spanish, where every word has a clear stressed syllable. In French, do not look for \"the stressed syllable\" of a word in isolation; the stress lives at the phrase level. Keep each syllable roughly the same length when you read aloud and let the last syllable of the phrase carry slightly more weight. That alone is half the battle on a French accent.",[48,958,960],{"id":959},"what-an-english-speaker-already-has","What an English speaker already has",[41,962,963],{},"Most letters of the French alphabet make sounds an English speaker already produces: a, b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, v. The work for an adult learner is concentrated in a smaller set of specific sounds and rules:",[965,966,967,973,979,985,990,996,1005],"ol",{},[448,968,969,970,972],{},"The ",[87,971,352],{}," sound (the rounded ee), with no English equivalent. The highest-leverage drill.",[448,974,969,975,978],{},[87,976,977],{},"uvular r",", made at the back of the throat.",[448,980,969,981,984],{},[87,982,983],{},"nasal vowels"," (an, in, on, un), and the rule that m\u002Fn disappear as consonants when they form one.",[448,986,987,989],{},[87,988,681],{},", which brings silent letters back to life across word boundaries.",[448,991,969,992,995],{},[87,993,994],{},"silent finals"," in general, and the CaReFuL exceptions.",[448,997,969,998,460,1001,1004],{},[87,999,1000],{},"j",[87,1002,1003],{},"soft g"," (\"zh\" as in measure), which English speakers default to the \"j\" of \"jam\".",[448,1006,969,1007,1010],{},[87,1008,1009],{},"qu = k"," rule (qui is \"kee\", not \"kwee\"; quand is \"kahn\", not \"kwand\").",[41,1012,1013],{},"Get those right and you have a credible French accent. Everything else is vocabulary and time.",[48,1015,1017],{"id":1016},"a-note-on-irregularity","A note on irregularity",[41,1019,1020,1021,1024,1025,1028],{},"French spelling has a reputation for being irregular, and it earns it on the writing side: many words have far more letters than sounds, and several distinct words are spelled identically (vers \u002F vert \u002F verre \u002F ver \u002F vair all sound the same). But the rules going ",[87,1022,1023],{},"from spelling to sound"," are reasonably consistent. Once you have the alphabet, diacritics, silent-final defaults, and liaison rules, you can read aloud almost any French word you have never seen and be right most of the time. Going the other way, ",[87,1026,1027],{},"from sound to spelling",", is genuinely hard, and French children spend years on dictation exercises for a reason.",[41,1030,1031],{},"That asymmetry is the truth about French orthography: reading-friendly for learners, writing-hostile for natives. As an adult learner whose first job is to read aloud, you have the easier end of the bargain.",{"title":1033,"searchDepth":1034,"depth":1034,"links":1035},"",2,[1036,1037,1046,1049,1050,1051,1052,1053,1054,1055,1056],{"id":50,"depth":1034,"text":51},{"id":424,"depth":1034,"text":425,"children":1038},[1039,1041,1042,1043,1044,1045],{"id":432,"depth":1040,"text":433},3,{"id":439,"depth":1040,"text":440},{"id":481,"depth":1040,"text":482},{"id":510,"depth":1040,"text":511},{"id":544,"depth":1040,"text":545},{"id":588,"depth":1040,"text":589},{"id":624,"depth":1034,"text":625,"children":1047},[1048],{"id":680,"depth":1040,"text":681},{"id":716,"depth":1034,"text":717},{"id":749,"depth":1034,"text":750},{"id":804,"depth":1034,"text":805},{"id":860,"depth":1034,"text":861},{"id":885,"depth":1034,"text":886},{"id":937,"depth":1034,"text":938},{"id":959,"depth":1034,"text":960},{"id":1016,"depth":1034,"text":1017},"2026-06-08T00:00:00+00:00","The 26-letter French alphabet with letter names, sounds, the five diacritics, the cedilla, the œ ligature, silent finals, liaison, and the famous u sound.","md","french",{},true,"\u002Ffrench\u002Falphabet",{"title":30,"description":1058},"french\u002Falphabet","XQ0jyUy5Mw12IAyFMFWmNhUJaElVsziI8GLfOBEWYSo",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1068},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127C.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611c.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68c.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857c2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38q.398-.092.786-.213c.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.06.06 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.05.05 0 0 0-.02-.041a.05.05 0 0 0-.046-.01a20.3 20.3 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-.319-1.433a.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546c.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01c1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422q.059-.011.11-.024c2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604c.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67c.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545m-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976c-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35c-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102q0-1.965 1.011-3.12c.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164c1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06l.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498c1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164q1.012 1.155 1.012 3.12z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1070},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M5.202 2.857C7.954 4.922 10.913 9.11 12 11.358c1.087-2.247 4.046-6.436 6.798-8.501C20.783 1.366 24 .213 24 3.883c0 .732-.42 6.156-.667 7.037c-.856 3.061-3.978 3.842-6.755 3.37c4.854.826 6.089 3.562 3.422 6.299c-5.065 5.196-7.28-1.304-7.847-2.97c-.104-.305-.152-.448-.153-.327c0-.121-.05.022-.153.327c-.568 1.666-2.782 8.166-7.847 2.97c-2.667-2.737-1.432-5.473 3.422-6.3c-2.777.473-5.899-.308-6.755-3.369C.42 10.04 0 4.615 0 3.883c0-3.67 3.217-2.517 5.202-1.026\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1072},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M14.234 10.162L22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299l-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532l.929 1.329l7.754 11.09h-3.182z\"\u002F>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":1074,"hidden":1062},"\u003Cpath fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M20.447 20.452h-3.554v-5.569c0-1.328-.027-3.037-1.852-3.037c-1.853 0-2.136 1.445-2.136 2.939v5.667H9.351V9h3.414v1.561h.046c.477-.9 1.637-1.85 3.37-1.85c3.601 0 4.267 2.37 4.267 5.455v6.286zM5.337 7.433a2.06 2.06 0 0 1-2.063-2.065a2.064 2.064 0 1 1 2.063 2.065m1.782 13.019H3.555V9h3.564zM22.225 0H1.771C.792 0 0 .774 0 1.729v20.542C0 23.227.792 24 1.771 24h20.451C23.2 24 24 23.227 24 22.271V1.729C24 .774 23.2 0 22.222 0z\"\u002F>",1781032059536]